Case Study on Transmission Towers

Case Study on Transmission Towers Introduction Issues regarding engineering ethics are principles that need to be applied in the practice of engineering (National Society of Professional Engineers, 2007). Engineers have an obligation to the society, the engineering profession and the clients. The general principles of engineering ethics are therefore focused on the engineer’s consideration of the profession, the employers, the client, and the public (Institution of Civil Engineers, 2004). These general principles apply across a wide range of engineering societies in the world. According to the American society of civil engineers, there are seven guiding principles that help to streamline the conducts of engineers during practice (American Society of Civil Engineers, 2010). Ethical issues in engineering The first principle regards the health, welfare, and safety of members of the public (American Society of Civil Engineers, 2010). The engineer is expected to hold paramount, these three issues and strive to ensure sustainable development during their course of practice (American Society of Civil Engineers, 2010). The second principle regards engineer competency (American Society of Civil Engineers, 2010). The engineer is only expected to perform services that fall under his or her own area of competency (National Society of Professional Engineers, 2007). Public statements issued by engineers need to be objective and truthful. This means that engineers are not expected to make inaccurate statements to the public with regards to an issue (National Society of Professional Engineers, 2007). In relation to the service to the client and employer, engineers are expected to act professionally and be faithful agents. In the midst of being professional, engineers are expected to avoid conflict of interest as much as possible (Institution of Civil Engineers, 2004). The fifth principle deals with the creation of professional reputation (American Society of Civil Engineers, 2010). The engineers are not expected to compete amongst themselves in an unfair manner (National Society of Professional Engineers, 2007). Professional reputation is best created through merit (Petroski Layton, 1999). Dignity, integrity, and honor are fundamental aspects that the engineers have to uphold all the time in their course of duty (National Society of Professional Engineers, 2007). Therefore engaging in acts such as bribery, fraud and corruption are not expected of any engineer. The last principle deals with professional development of the engineers (National Society of Professional Engineers, 2007). They are expected to continue with their careers and develop their particular fields further (Petroski Layton, 1999). Therefore engineers, who assume a leadership of supervising role, are expected provide opportunities for the professional development of others under them (National Society of Professional Engineers, 2007). Ethical issues involved in the case In the case of George Randall, there were several ethical issues involved. The principle of sustainable development was compromised (National Society of Professional Engineers, 2007). By installing the antennae on the existing tower without considering skewed wind angles is risky for the sustenance of the antennae. Even though the safety records of the tower have always been excellent, there kind of antennae to be installed is one that was introduced in the last five years and ever since, there has never been any significant strong wind to breach the safety records of the tower. The other ethical issue involved in the case is the issue of performance of service in the areas where the individual engineer is competent (National Society of Professional Engineers, 2007). Richard, who is the immediate boss of George, is an electrical engineer, and George himself is civil engineer. George has a ten year experience in his current responsibilities at the firm. In addition he also has the necessary knowledge and skills required for the job. Taking an advice from an electrical engineer may cause an ethical dilemma in this case. It assumed that Richard knows a lot less in the field of civil engineering compared to George. Because of this fact, if I were George, then I would find all possible means to address the issue and clear the conflict of interest. This is because, later, if anything goes wrong with the installation I would be held accountable since I am the one in charge of the project and approving all the plans. The other ethical issue involved in the case is that George is supposed to act professionally at all time while being loyal and faithful his employers and bosses (National Society of Professional Engineers, 2007). This creates a dilemma since George is torn between doing what he is sure to be the right thing and being faithful to the employer. However he is only supposed to act professional while he is being faithful to his bosses. The final ethical issue involved in the case is the professional development of the George’s career. If indeed he goes through with the installation as he intends then it will be a perfect opportunity for him to grow in his career as a civil engineer. He used a software program that had never been used before to calculate the strength of the tower. However, Richard is clearly denying him this opportunity to further his professional practice. Question 1; what to do first and further lines of inquiry The first and most important thing for George to do is to ensure that he tries as much as possible to avoid conflict of interest (Petroski Layton, 1999). It is through avoidance of conflict of interest that all parties can come to an agreement on the appropriate way of addressing the issue. There are two opinions involved in the case. The first one is that of the safety of tower to withstand a strong skewed wind while the second interest is that of understanding risks and rewards in business. Business principles may be honored but certain important factors have to be considered in order to maintain safety standards to both the clients and company property (Petroski Layton, 1999). Avoiding conflict in this case requires a recusal (Petroski Layton, 1999). The legal services of a lawyer can be used or the introduction of a third party can be used to bring a different view on the issue (Petroski Layton, 1999). Despite the fact that Stephen, the overall boss of the company is a business professional, seeking his opinion in this matter is important (Petroski Layton, 1999). Therefore George has to involve him. Even with the business mindset in place, Stephen can be having a different perspective of the issue. For instance, he may reason in the line of durability. If the company decides to take the risk and in one year’s time the antennae becomes wrecked, then it would make even larger losses compared to playing safe. George can also use a similar mindset and present his argument before Richard so to convince him to buy the additional protection plates that will be used to increase the strength of the tower to withstand strong skewed wind. Further lines of inquiry can be used to make a good decision in the case (Petroski Layton, 1999). For instance, since this is a matter of safety and chances are still there that heavy skewed winds can occur, whistle blowing can be a good idea for George (Petroski Layton, 1999). If George blows the whistle he probably might be able to get the support of legal institutions such as the court. George cannot be limited to the building regulations (Petroski Layton, 1999). It is a basic ethical dilemma for an engineer to report to authority any possibility of risk to both the client and the employer (National Society of Professional Engineers, 2007). Here George is met with a possible risk for the safety of the tower in which he is installing an antenna. Depending on the location of the tower, the safety risk can either be to the public or primarily lie on the company. If, the tower, is located at a point where it is close to residential houses, safety for the public needs to be considered. However, the company also stands to make losses if the tower is wrecked as a result of negligence or ignorance by the George. In both cases, he is held responsible since he will be the one to approve all the stages of installation of the antennae. Question 2: The decision and its justification If the employer fails to follow the direction of George, then the most appropriate thing to do after analyzing the risks involved is to blow the whistle. Basically, the first principle of engineering ethics discussed earlier in the paper is safety (National Society of Professional Engineers, 2007). This principle generally comes above all the other principles (American Society of Civil Engineers, 2010). It overrides the duty that the engineer has to the client and as well to the employer (National Society of Professional Engineers, 2007). Ignoring the duty of safety may lead to an engineer being disciplined or having their licenses cancelled (National Society of Professional Engineers, 2007). Such disciplinary actions may be taken not only in cases where there is loss of life or injury but also if the risk did not lead to any death, injury or damage (National Society of Professional Engineers, 2007). George should advice his boss in a proper manner where he explains to him all the possible dangers involved with having the tower unprotected. He could also make proposals that would ensure he develops a different business mind with regards to the issue (Petroski Layton, 1999). But the underlying idea is that George’s advice has to be taken seriously by his employers. Before blowing the whistle to the appropriate authority, George has to make sure that he can prove that having the tower unprotected is dangerous for the company (Petroski Layton, 1999). He should be able to provide evidence for the possibility of occurrence of strong skewed angle wind. May be the area in which the tower is located does not experience strong winds to wreck the tower (Petroski Layton, 1999). There are government authorities that handle the regulations of building towers, and antennae (National Society of Professional Engineers, 2007). Blowing the whistle can involve these agencies (National Society of Professional Engineers, 2007). This means that George can report the matter to the regulation body despite the fact that there is no single rule that asserts that building of the tower must be done with skewed winds in mind. The rules only suggest that in case of strong skewed wind conditions, the tower should be made much stronger. George can still use this provision in the regulations to support his argument as he reports the issue to the government authorities. Depending on the gravity of the matter, if the government authority fails to take the appropriate actions that George can proceed to report the matter to the courts (National Society of Professional Engineers, 2007). Whistle blowers in the field of engineering usually enjoy the support of court. In most cases the cases overrules the duties to employers and clients and sides with the argument of the engineers (National Society of Professional Engineers, 2007). The courts also overrule the issues of confidentialities with company information since this is the main hindrance for the engineer to speak out the issue in public (National Society of Professional Engineers, 2007). The other possible option in trying to convince his employers, both Richard and Stephen is to provide them with data on the cases where ignorance to safety has lead to major disasters. Providing case studies may help changes the perception of the employers and cause them to make the necessary consideration and buy the additional protective plates. It should also be clear that installation of the antenna poses a risk to the people who will be on the ground installing it and doing daily maintenance. The kind of antennae being installed is one that was introduced five years ago and used for the first time by the company. The company itself has not tested whether the antennae will be strong to withstand skewed angle wind except for the modeling software that George used to calculate performance of the antennae. During the process of installation, the tower could wreck and pose danger to the people doing the installation and maintenance. Since it is assumed that the tower is located away from residential houses, the main people at high risk of any wreckage are the engineers working on it. From case study, George could support his side of the issue since there are cases where technicians have been killed on the course of duty as a result of a tower wrecking. This is actually the most convincing reason that allows George to blow the whistle on the safety of the tower if in case the employers act oblivious to his advices. In this case, the responsibility of George as the one in charge of the project ends once the project is complete. He is the main adviser for all the necessary requirements for the project. He is expected to ensure that the standards are met and that there shall be no safety problem with the installation. This means that George could defend his position ethically by referring to the principle guidelines set out in the code of ethics. He could refer to the code of ethics of the company or the general code of ethics that governs the association of engineers in his country. Based on the seven principles discussed earlier, Richard breaches several of the principles. The first principle that overrules the others is that of holding paramount the welfare, health and safety of the public (National Society of Professional Engineers, 2007). It is clear that failure to consider the skewed wind angle would pose a risk to the technicians. This is does not only mean disregard for the principle but also disregard for a safe working condition. If anything happens to the field technicians, then most likely the company would be liable. However, there is also possibility that the person in charge be liable for the damages caused. Therefore, with regards to the first principle, George could defend his position by stating that safety comes first before profitability. In business, risk and reward is a common principle. If one fails to take the risk with optimism, then there shall not be any reward. However in engineering there is no taking of risks. All structures put together by engineers need to be perfect and free of any defects and flaws. This is because of the dangers the structures are likely to pose to the consumers. While defending his position ethically, George could also argue on the basis of the second ethical principle. Richard is supposed to honor the fact that George is a civil engineer with a ten years experience (American Society of Civil Engineers, 2010). He is supposed to take his advices seriously. Even though the plates may be expensive, but still the company can afford to buy them. By ignoring the advices of George, he is simply meddling with civil engineering. Richard is a electric engineer and knows little about civil engineering. He is supposed to respect practice of engineering in areas outside his competency just in the same way, George is supposed to respect practices outside his competency. Such an argument can be made in the presence of a third party that has a neutral position on the issue (Petroski Layton, 1999). George is also expected to act professionally at all times and be faithful agent to his employers. There are two things involved in this principle: the idea of being loyal to the employer, and the idea of acting professionally. Since George pays a duty to the profession as well, he cannot do things that will spoil the reputation of civil engineering. He has to uphold integrity and adhere to the guidelines of professional ethics. This means that he has to stand for what he believes to be paramount for the reputation of the profession. Question 3: If the company is fixed on making profits If I were George, all the potential cause of action that I can take will be influenced by the fact that the company is affixing the new antennae only for commercial purposes. If there is entirely no reason to improve quality of services but to make more money, then clearly the company lacks the will to avoid any possible risks involved with the move. As earlier mentioned, risks cannot be taken in engineering unlike in investments. It is possible to take risks when making an investment move. However, the investor has to conduct a comprehensive market analysis that weighs the implications of all the issues involved. Depending on the industry where the investment is done such issues of safety have to come into play and be taken seriously. Basic standards have to be met at all time since it is one of external factors that affect the business environment. My stand on the issues would even be more strong is knew that the company had will to emphasize on safety. It would be clear to me that this company only intends to maximize their profits at the risk of other people. If indeed the company is making a lot of profit, then there should be no reason not to purchase the additional protective plates. Companies today also compete on the basis of total quality management. It would therefore be a pointless if the company disregards quality and later on a serious mistake happens that costs the company its reputation. It is possible for the company to make high profits once it ensures that quality is maintained all round its functions. It is better to compete on the basis of total quality management than to compete on the basis of risk and reward. I would therefore be very much convinced to ensure that the company takes into consideration my proposal to have the additional protective plates installed in order to make the tower strong to withsta nd the skewed angle winds. Question 4: Erecting some antennae near residential houses If some of the antennae were to be erected near residential houses, this would be a strong reason to influence each my decisions (Petroski Layton, 1999). Having the towers unsafe near residential houses is a breach of safety and a total disregard of ethical principles (Petroski Layton, 1999). Based on the knowledge that company intends to install some of the antennae near residential houses, I would definitely involve the court if both Richard and Stephen fail to consider my proposal (Petroski Layton, 1999). Three issues expected paramount to an engineer include: health, welfare, and safety of the public (National Society of Professional Engineers, 2007). Taking a risk with these issues is not recommended at all (National Society of Professional Engineers, 2007). The business could make profits but in the end safety of the people leaving around the towers is not assured (Petroski Layton, 1999). This would strongly support my decision and make me pursue it further. The best option in this case is blowing the whistle by involving the public (Petroski Layton, 1999). Whistle blowers in the field of engineering usually enjoy the support of court (American Society of Civil Engineers, 2010). In most cases the cases overrules the duties to employers and clients and sides with the argument of the engineers (National Society of Professional Engineers, 2007). The courts also overrule the issues of confidentialities with company information since this is the main hindrance for the engineer to speak out the issue in public (National Society of Professional Engineers, 2007). Question 5: Responsibility for failure of the towers I would be held accountable in case the tower fails since I am the main adviser for all the necessary requirements for the project. I am expected to ensure that the standards are met and that there shall be no safety problem with the installation. My immediate boss may be held accountable if any failure occurs while still in office. However, he is leaving office in the next two years. Since I still have a long way to go in development of the profession, I am bound to stay with the company for long. Therefore if the failure occurs after the Richard leaves office, responsibility for the mistakes will be based on me. However based on the laws of agencies, the entire company can be liable for mistakes done by one of its agents during the course of duty. Conclusion According to the laws of employment, agents who commit tort in the course of duty either intentionally or unintentionally would cause the company to be liable (Petroski Layton, 1999). It is only in the extreme cases that the individual agent in charge will be held accountable (Petroski Layton, 1999). Therefore, unless the matter is very severe, the responsibility of for the failure will be spread across the company (Petroski Layton, 1999). The relationship between an employee and an employer needs to be based on respect and obedience (Petroski Layton, 1999). However, the employee only obeys according to the law. If in case the employee feels the employer is forcing them to do something unlawful then there are appropriate means in which the issue can be addressed (Petroski Layton, 1999). There are agencies which the employee can use to report the matter apart from the court (Petroski Layton, 1999). The workers’ union is one such platform that takes care of conflicts between employers and employees. If I were George, I would also seek for advice in the workers union of the company. In fact this would have been the first places to consult before engaging the courts. Reference List American Society of Civil Engineers, 2010. Code of Ethics. 4th ed. Reston, Viginia: ASCE Press. Institution of Civil Engineers, 2004. Royal Charter, By-laws, Regulations and Rules, Reston: ASCE Press. National Society of Professional Engineers, 2007. Code of Ethics, Alexandria, Virginia: NSPE. Petroski, H. Layton, E., 1999. To Engineer is Human: the Role of Failure in Successful Design, Baltimore: St Martins Press.

McCarthyism and Documents of History - 1422 Words

During the times of McCarthyism the House Committee on Un-American Activities employed barbaric and â€Å"Un-American† techniques that would characterize the American law system as an extinguisher of American civil liberties; during this exploration we will be examining a brief history of McCarthyism and a few documents from this time period. Initially, we will be traversing the history from pre-McCarthyism on into the times of McCarthyism. Following, we will be evaluating three documents from the times of McCarthyism: a letter to the House Committee on Un-American Activities, a reflection on the times of McCarthyism, and a political cartoon. The breeding grounds for McCarthyism developed in a time when the worlds two friendly alphas found it in their best interests to compete for the love and resolve of mother Earth. Initially, during World War Two the United States and the Soviet Union put their philosophies aside and formed a crucial alliance to asphyxiate Nazi inhumane hostility and expansion (Hewitt Lawson, 745). In contrast, Post World War Two, September 1945, the United States and the Soviet Union had emerged as the worlds superpowers but the previous alliance hastily deteriorated resulting in a â€Å"peace time† war that came to be know as the Cold War; the Cold War predominately didnt take position on the battle field; instead the Cold War was a conflict over philosophies of how society should be conducted and was a war of military buildup, and establishing economicShow MoreRelatedThe Cold War and Its Effect on The History of America Essay1706 Words   |  7 Pagesprevent Communism. Then in 1949 the Nort h Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) is created, while the Soviet Union explodes its first atomic bomb, and China adopts Communism. 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There Is Much To Be Said About The Various Theoretical

There is much to be said about the various theoretical principles developed by educational theorists whose aim at its core is to find work argue which is the best approach for teachers to apply towards the development of children’s learning. In this paper, I will present a brief analysis of six contemporary educational theories: perennialism, essentialism, reconstructivism, progressivism, educational humanism, and behaviorism. Then the focus will turn to two of the theories, perennialism and behaviorism, that evoked a strong response in how I, as a Christian, related to them. The theories analyzed Perennialist’s approach focuses on the rational intellect, absolutes and the idea of mind and reasoning with mental discipline. The teacher is†¦show more content†¦Therefore, knowledge gained occurs through experience. Finally, the last two theories include educational humanism and behaviorism. Educational humanism theorists focus on the concept of student’s individuality and that the self-actualization is paramount over knowledge. Proponents in this camp would argue students should be guided by the teacher to â€Å"discover, become, and develop their real self and potential† (Knight, 2006, P. 110). To achieve this goal the teacher will work towards building trust and relationships to develop and encourage the student’s development of interpersonal relationships. The final contemporary theories in education, behaviorism, believe that humans and animals are no different; therefore, having no superiority. The behaviorist’s aim of education is to condition students through positive reinforcement so that the desired results occur accordingly. Teachers apply the strategies that are â€Å"tested on animals† (2006, P. 135) to condition students learning. Thus, learning f ounded on rewards for the achieved desired results is the focus. Where do I fall? Of the six theories of contemporary education, I mostly related to the theory of perennialism and strongly disagreed with behaviorism. Although in all honesty, there were components of each of the theories I agreed with or did not agree with, which would have fit nicely in my philosophy and approach toward education. Unfortunately, in doing so, I leave myself open to developing aShow MoreRelatedWhat Is The Generic Qualitative Approach? Essay1266 Words   |  6 PagesPART A 1. What is the ‘generic qualitative approach’? There are various research methodologies in qualitative research. However researches sometimes do not find one particular methodology to fit the all types of research. When researches face this kind of challenging situation, they tend to accept ‘generic qualitative approach’. Generic qualitative approach is not guided by an explicit and set of philosophic assumptions in the form of one established qualitative method. 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Is Current UK Government Policy On Training And Development Fit For Purpose Free Essay Example, 1750 words

The paper tells that pointed out that government will reduce bureaucracy by training providers and simplify the further education and skills landscape by abolishing central targets. For example, the BIS document localized targets and programs for England based on BIS. The BIS said, colleges and training organizations will be more publicly accountable to learners, employers, and their communities. This portion of the UK government program will be supported by the introduction of lifelong learning accounts and by the new All Age Careers Service. As per the claim of the BIS, the UK government training and development policy are founded on three principles: fairness shared responsibility and greater freedom. According to BIS, the first principle justifies the special attention to young people and those with basic literacy and numeracy skills. In the second principle, citizens will be called upon to take greater responsibility for ensuring their own skills are met . Lastly, the pr inciple of greater freedom means trusting people to do their job and the primary accountability today should be not to the Government, but to the people it serves .We will write a custom essay sample on Is Current UK Government Policy On Training And Development Fit For Purpose or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page The world is reportedly in the second wave of globalization

Spanish Myths, And Legends - 1220 Words

The Lady in Blue The Lady in Blue is a popular Spanish legend in the Southwest and particularly New Mexico. The legend of the lady started with New Mexico Indians in the 17th century and remains popular today. The Lady in Blue was in fact a real personMaria de Jesus de Agreda, or Sor Maria, as she was called. Sor Maria founded the Convent of the Immaculate Conception at Agreda. Sor Maria had a very strong reputation throughout Spain for her wisdom and sanctity, as well as her mystical and religious writings. After July 1643, Sor Maria became widely known for a more important reason. It was during this month, on the way to Aragon, that King Phillip IV stopped at Sor Marias convent. Following the visit, the two exchanged letters†¦show more content†¦The sailors declined. Another tale, from Antonio Galvao, also confirmed the presence of the island and its Portuguese inhabitants, who were curious about how the homefolks were doing against the Moors. Stories such as these prompted men like Columbus and, later, Coronado, to seek out the elusive Seven Cities of Antilia, regardless of the cost in time, men, and finances. They were sure the island was out there, lurking somewhere in the misty folds of the Atlantic. The legend was so ingrained in European society that most believed Columbus had found Antilia when he landed in the West Indies (the island group soon took the name, Antilles). John Cabot, when he landed in New England in 1497, named the area the Seven Cities. Source: The European Discovery of America: The Northern voyages, A.D. 500-1600 by Samuel Eliot Morison Strait of Anian Christopher Columbus began the search for an all-water route to Asia in 1492. After Columbuss voyages to the New World, Spain sent numerous explorers with three main objectives: Religious figures attempted to convert the natives to Christianity. Conquistadors sought gold and silver. Columbuss original purpose of finding an all-water route to the Orient was not lost. As the Spanish explored the Americas with these three goals, a rumor spread which motivated the search forShow MoreRelatedBlack Legend1057 Words   |  5 PagesThe black legend was the name given to the concept of cruelty and brutality spread by the Spanish during the 14th and 15th century. It can be said to be an anti-Spanish movement, which was started due to political and religious torment done by the Spanish on the people. It was the dominance and control of the Spanish over Europe that lead to the black legend of the Spanish. It was through this particular propaganda that the people were able to understand how various European countries had fallenRead MoreMyths and Legends from the World Essay1062 Words   |  5 PagesThere are many Myths and legends in the world and some are more common than others. Different people believe in different myths and legends. They are different myths and legends that correspond with different religions and countries. Myths can be a long story or a short story, some myths can be more interesting than others. Adam and Eve is one of the common myths, Jewish, Christian, and Islamic religious believe that Adam and Eve were the first parents of the entire human Race. Adam and Eve wereRead MorePans Labyrinth As A Fairy Tale1029 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Pan’s Labyrinth† was a fairytale that took place during the Spanish Civil war. This movie was a good example of a fairytale for many different reasons. One reason why â€Å"Pan’s Labyrinth† is a good example of a fairy tale is because of the use of the fairytale characters: faun, fairy, and evil human eating monster. In a fairytale is usually has unexpected monsters or creatures and this movie has a bunch of mythical creatures. Another example of how â€Å"Pan’s Labyrinth† is a good example of a fairytaleRead MoreThe Wolves During Pre Columbian And Mesoamerican Times1677 Words   |  7 Pagesthe Sun, the underworld and offering to the god Xolotl. It was also common for the Wolves to be bred with dog s, in order to get a breed of dog with the strength of a wolf but the calmness and loyalty of a dog. Myths and Legends Surrounding Wolves in Mexico There are many myths and legends about the wolf that come from pre-Columbian times in Mexico. Many theories about the origin of the human race have been created by some ancient civilizations such as the Aztecs, Mayans, and northern areas of NorthRead MoreThe Legend of The Chupacabra867 Words   |  3 Pagesproject on â€Å"El Chupacabra†. El Chupacabra is a myth or legend centered from Puerto Rico. I have grown much interest in this folktale. The mysterious and puzzling creature brings great interest to me. I’m eager to learn more about the Chupacabra. So with interest I believe this topic would be the correct choice for me. It is believed that the Chupacabra would suck the blood out of chickens and mostly goats leaving an insightful wound right at the neck. Legend says that El Chupacabra would hypnotize itsRead MoreLa Siest A Known Component Of The Spanish Culture1750 Words   |  7 PagesLa Siesta is a commonly known component of the Spanish culture. In seeking to strike a balance between work and pleasure, for long Spaniards have practiced the traditional siesta. Professionals along with students often return to their respective homes around noon for a couple of hours to rest and enjoy family time coupled with a heavy lunch. Most businesses will always shut down for a few hours during this time. Conversely, the 21st century Spanish generation has slowly evaded this cultural practiceRead MoreQuetzalcoatl1982 Words   |  8 Pagesand culture reveals different symbolisms and ancient functions involved in the Aztecs’ practices toward the god. Historically, the legend of Quetzalcoatl has originated from the Teotihuacà ¡n culture of Olmec society around 300 B.C. by the time of rigid theological perspectives between Christianity and Paganism. According to Aztec legends, Quetzalcoatl was acknowledged as an earthly hero and acting ruler of the Toltecs for some time. Stories narrate that Quetzalcoatl was assigned byRead MoreThe Seven Cities Of Cibola1294 Words   |  6 Pagesdesperation, but for the others, there are no known results. The seven cities of Cibola, are known to be a Spanish legend which may have had its origins in an earlier legend which concerned the fate of Don Rodrigo of Spain, who lost his kingdom to the Muslims in the 8th century A.D (Ancient Origins 1). The legend claimed that gold could be found in the seven cities of Cibola. This myth kicked off when four men were known to have shipwrecked on what today is known as Texas. They had been told thatRead MoreChupacabras1289 Words   |  6 PagesThe creation of the Chupacabra says a great deal about humanity. The legend of the Chupacabra shows that humans want an explanation for abnormalities, let their imaginations run too wild, and need a scapegoat for their carelessness. Cattle ranching is a very important part of Latin American culture because it was brought over when the area was first colonized by the Spanish in the sixteenth century (Haeber). However, the legend of the Chupacabra is a fairly modern idea. The first reported attackRead MoreMyths, Morals, And Rules1455 Words   |  6 Pagesdecision we make. A way these lessons, morals, and rules are shown and told is through myths. A myth is a traditional story from a certain ethnic, religion, place, or culture, and explains how and why things are the way they are. Myths also incorporate a moral, theme, or life lesson, which becomes clear at the end of the story. As a child I’m sure you’ve heard stories from your family whether a more unknown myth or common tale that you got something out of, whether it was learning something new,

Lab Investigation Cell Purple Dye Solution - 1042 Words

The purpose of this lab investigation is to make 1 L of Pirate Purple dye solution. The claim states that the use of the concentration and absorbance of the Blue 1 dye and Red 3 dye will lead to the concentrations of the red and blue dye to yield 1 L of Pirate Purple dye. In order to understand molarity or concentration, familiarity with the terms of solute, solvent, and solution are very important. A Solute is a substance that is being dissolved by a solvent. A solvent is a substance that is dissolving the solute. Solution is a solute of a homogenous mixture that is dissolved in a solvent. With that being said, molarity is the moles of a solute divided by the liters of a solution (mol/L). In accordance to concentration, absorbance is used†¦show more content†¦After the serial dilutions of the red and blue dyes were taken, the molarity and absorbance for both dyes were calculated. Using the MiVi = MfVf equation, the concentrations for each value of the red and blue dye were separately calculated. Calculating absorbances calls for setting the correct wavelengths of light for each dye. In this case, the 470 nm wavelength for red dye and the 635 nm wavelength for blue dye was needed to find the maximum absorbances. The absorbance was found by blanking the colorimeter and entering the concentrations. After both values of the absorbances and concentrations were found, the values were then graphed in order to obtain the equation of the relationship between absorbance and concentration. The concentrations and absorbances of the red and blue dyes were used to find the concentration of the purple dyes. From the graph of the blue dye, the linear equation for absorbance was y = mx + b. From that formula came the equation y = 7.915 x 104 (x) + 0.02489, where y represents absorbance, m is slope, x is concentration/molarity, and b is the constant/y-intercept. The same set up was performed for the red dye, but the equation produced was y = 1.045 x 104 (x) +.001298. T he equations found when graphing absorbance vs. concentration were used to find the concentration of the purple dyes. The absorbance for purple dye 3 on the red wavelength of 470 nm equaled 0.149 and 0.818 for the blue wavelength of 635 nm. For purple dye 1Show MoreRelatedOsmosis10180 Words   |  41 PagesAdvanced Placement Biology  ® AP Biology Lab 1 281 EDVO-Kit # Storage: Principles Practice of Diffusion Osmosis Store entire experiment at room temperature. EXPERIMENT OBJECTIVE The objective of this experiment is to develop an understanding of the molecular basis of diffusion and osmosis and its physiological importance. Students will analyze how solute size and concentration affect diffusion across semi-permeable membranes and how these processes affect water potential. StudentsRead MoreEight Accidental Discoveries: Science Analysis Essay1778 Words   |  8 Pagesremaining solution would dye material the color purple which he called mauve and the dye itself he called mauveine. (The Museum of Science and Industry, 2006). It gained huge popularity because Queen Victoria loved the color and it led to the invention of new colors and the dye industry (The Museum of Science and Industry, 2006). Later synthetic dyes were used on food, hair, and also to brighten clothes (The Museum of Science and Industry, 2006). The significance in science was the use of dye to stainRead MoreIndustrial Attachment Report at Cmr-Kemri9715 Words   |  39 PagesImmunology. CMR hosts the Nairobi centre for the Nagasaki University Institute of Tropical Medicine (NUITM) and the Microbiology unit of the Institute of Tropical Infectious Disease (INTROMID). It has a Mycology lab that carries research on fungal and opportunistic infections and Parasitology lab. CMR also carries out medical examination of employees in the hospitality industry (HISP) from hotels, schools, Manufacturing industries .(HISP) is a KEMRI project based at the Centre for Microbiology Research

Executing and Controlling Project

Question: Describe the process used by a project team to undertake the work according to the agreed scope management plan and how changes to scope should be managed. Attach a flow chart and describe the steps? 1. Description of used process by project team to undertake work according to scope management plan and changes that managed scope2. Importance to report instances of non-compliance with the scope3. Methods that used to control the project schedule4. Description the process of project activities are documented and evaluation of determination the compliance with agreed quality standards5. Tools and Techniques of monitor and report on cost throughout the project execution6. The performance of team member and contractors involved in a project evaluation7. Information management and communication methods are commonly used to keep all relevant parties8. Outline of risk management in project9. Outline of process of project management that conducted on a project10. Outline of procurement management process Answer: 1 . Description of used process by project team to undertake work according to scope management plan and changes that managed scope In order to undertake the work to scope management plan during the project, project management team the following process with application of skills, knowledge, techniques, tools with broad range of activities (Bredillet, 2010). Figure 1: Process of scope management plan (Source: Martinsuo, 2013, pp- 795) Initiation Process: This part was used by the project team in terms of making the idea of project and examines the benefits from the project to organization. During the initialization stage, decision-making team properly identified the realistic of project regarding completion. Planning Process: The project team outlined as well as writing the scope of project that required to be performed. In this particular process, project team calculated the budget, prioritized the project and made schedule. Execution Process: The management staff of the project provides individual responsibilities into the team members and allocates the resources of task based on individual as well as group (Brewer and Dittman, 2013). Controlling Process: This part was most critical and important phase in terms of executing the project successfully. Project management team compared the status of project with actual progress plan. During the controlling process project, management staffs adjusted the schedule and takes necessary steps for project completion (Collins, 2010). Closing Process: After complete the project, management team evaluated the necessary steps in order to highlight the success of project as well as learn from the project. 2. Importance to report instances of non-compliance with the scope Report instance of non-compliance with the scope is an important aspect of the project regarding safeguard system. Holzmann (2013) argued that it is also helps in establishing required mechanism for determining the non-compliance with the scope of the project itself. Apart from that, non-compliance is necessary in terms of distinguishing between the less serious breaches and safeguard breaches that have actual significance. Moreover, non-compliance with the scope is also helps in understanding the issues related to the project through adopting guideline. After deciding the breaches, non-compliance sufficiently report to the board member of the project (Dalcher, 2011). On the other hand, Safeguard breach in the project constitutes non-compliance with the scope of project. 3. Methods that used to control the project schedule In order to control the schedule of the project, project management team has to implement five basic steps such as progress reporting, performance measurement, project management software, variance analysis and schedule comparison bar charts. These methods allowed the project team in controlling the project scheduled in undertaken project for the organization. Progress Reporting: According to Huemann (2013), progress reporting provided the information of current scheduling including start and finish date. Apart from that, progress reporting schedules the activities of remaining time of unfinished work. Within the undertaken project, management has to take total responsibility of periodical reporting of the progress of project. This template can create consistency of organizational components that relates with the project. Performance Measurement: Hydari (2013) opined that poor performance of the workers may changes the project schedule such as delay to deliver. However, performance measurement tools allows in producing the Schedule Performance Index and Schedule Variance. Apart from that, performance measurement provides the required corrective action that is the important part of schedule control for any undertaken project. Project Management Software: For schedule control, various types of project management software such as Basecamp, TeamLab, Kapost, etc plays the important role within the undertaken project. Project Management Software allows the project management team in tracking ability of worker and comparing the actual dates with the planned dates (Doloi, 2011). Apart from that project, management software helps in forecasting the project schedule changes as well as makes real the schedule that is the useful tool of schedule control. Variance Analysis: It is the key function of schedule control in any project. Variance analysis allows the project management team in analyzing the monitoring process of scheduling. Furthermore, variance analysis compares the target schedule dates with the finish date as well as actual dates of start. Schedule Comparison Bar Chart: Use of bar charts with comparison increase the activity of schedule and control in a better way. Set of bar charts in the project management process allows the team member of displaying the status as well as the other status that approved as a baseline of project schedule. 4. Description the process of project activities are documented and evaluation of determination the compliance with agreed quality standards Hllgren (2012) suggested that the process of documentation and evaluation in terms of generating standard quality of project is a broad area. Several steps have to adopt and implement into the project in terms of developing documentation of project activities. These are Stakeholder Analysis: This is the most important part in documenting project activities. Stakeholder analysis helps the project manager in understanding the actual perspective of involved stakeholder. Objective Analysis: Project management team has to fully involve with the objectives of project and analysis the meeting of traditional beliefs. Apart from that, need to observe the friction and interactions of project objecting in terms of documentation of project and evaluate it to determine the compliance that generates high standard quality. Interview: Project manager has to visit stakeholders and other member who related with the project and take face to face interview about their own decision. Background Information: Project team needs to collect information from open sources such as journals, books, articles, interview experts, websites, etc in terms of documenting the context of the initiative for change (Gladden, 2010). Organize moments and share findings: In order to document the project activities and evaluate it for increasing standard quality of project, need to organize moments of daily activities as well as analyze the patterns and trends of project Apart from that, project management team has to share the findings of complete project into a rapid destination. 5. Tools and Techniques of monitor and report on cost throughout the project execution In order to monitor and report on cost throughout the project execution following tools and techniques are valuable and essential in terms of managing costs efficiently Budget and Planning: Journal (2013) argued that managing costs means meeting the budget. This process calls cost estimation. Two different components such as estimation of the scope of the work and cost for each complete task. Planning: Need to prepare the project plan through assembling the estimation of cost and scheduling activities. Earned Value: In order to manage the cost of project effectively, need to identify the value of the work that is very much helpful in accounting the technique commonly. Therefore, through the process of earned value, project management team can able to changes quickly that is essential for the success of the project. Time Management: This is also an important technique that effectively manage the cost of project. Project manager has to take full responsibility in managing time through properly work schedule. 6. The performance of team member and contractors involved in a project evaluation The team member and contractor of the project fully involved in various processes for evaluating the project such as Contractors and team members helps in identifying the objectives of performance evaluation such as improvement of customer relationship, resolve the issue of mid-project, increase project performance in future, etc. Team members and contractors identifies the evaluation scope of project through several analysis like bottom-up, top-down, customer, peer to peer, etc. Choose the participants Select the mechanisms of performance measurement such as interviews, formal meetings, surveys, etc. Analyze results of evaluation such as weakness, strengths, etc. The most important role that played by the team members and contractors in evaluating the project is application of results evaluations that required to suit the objectives identified in performance evaluation like customer relationship management, address issue, etc. 7. Information management and communication methods are commonly used to keep all relevant parties In order to keep all parties informed and submit daily report about the project, several tools and techniques were required for successfully complete the project. For effective project management, various tools and techniques are available that facilitate the effective as well as efficient communication individually. Within the project, team members along with the project manager implement various types of communication and information management that are the key of influencing success of the project. Within the project, there were two types of communication methods available such as active and passive. Active communications are mainly used regularly. Following are the active communication methods that help in keeping all parties into a single chain Face to face formal meeting with the stakeholders Formal meeting through video calling using social media technique such as Skype, Gtalk, Facebook, etc Telephonic conference with the stakeholders In order to deliver presentation based activities, project managers commonly used webinars Standup presentation On the other hand, Kapsali (2011) argued that there are several passive communication method that allows the project management team in keeping all parties with the project scope. These are Websites Email Table top presentation Blogs Web Cast Pod Cast Intranet bulletin boards Project Newsletter (Based on paper) In order to ensure the all information is timely, accurate and relevant, project team has to align report with the overall strategy that must support to the objectives of that particular organization. Apart from that, project team has to look for efficient leaders that consider the opportunities of the project (Turner, 2012). Furthermore, need to set time for transforming as well as closing the system and properly plan for the submission of work. The most important thing that required to ensure all information timely, relevant and accurate, project team has to evaluate the alternative operating models. 8. Outline of risk management in project In terms of managing risk in the project, need to maintain the following criteria such as Involve risk management part with in the project: It is an essential as well as important art of managing risk over the project. Involvement of risk management plan into the project, project manager is able to make several benefits that increases project approaches. Apart from that, risk management plan allows the project team in developing methods for handling the out risk. Identification of risk early: It is the responsibility as well as quality of project manager to identify risk early (Kodukula, 2011). In terms of identifying risk early within project, project manager has to maintain two different resources such s paper and people. People within the project are the team members or investors, therefore, manager of project has to co-operate with each and identify the expectation as well as demand of the team members. Apart from that, need to use paper for documentation. Daily documentation of project allows the project manager in identifying risks properly. Communication: Appropriate communication allows the people in identifying the frequent risk for project. Good approaches help in identifying risks properly. Clarify ownership issues: Project manager has to clarify the lists of risk within the project. Apart from that, project manager need to take responsibility of engaging business unit, suppliers, departments and much more into the project (Throndson et al., 2012). Register Project Risk: Project manager has to maintain the risk log enables. Using perfect communication tools project manager has to inform the stakeholders and team members about the ongoing process of current project. 9. Outline of process of project management that conducted on a project In order to conduct the project, project team has to involve several essential phase before starting the project. Apart from that, Kutsch and Hall (2010) depicted project manager has to involve suitable skilled for in project and set up the phase of six key steps such as establishment of terms of references, development of project office, development of business case, perform phase review, appointed a project team and undertake the feasibility study. For planning the project, need to involve 10 different steps such as development of project plan, development of resource plan, development of financial plan, create quality plan, perform phase review, develop a procurement plan, conduct suppliers, create risk plan, development of acceptance plan and develop communication plan. Apart from that, in this process project team determined the required resources of the project. In this mean time, project management team brought up the information that was very much important with the project ( Maylor, 2010). In order to execute the project, project manager has to plays various responsibilities such as development of deliverables, monitoring and control time, risk, quality, procurement, change, acceptance, etc. 10. Outline of procurement management process For managing the procurement within the project, need to maintain following steps Requirement Analysis: In order to manage procurement, the role of project manager is to identify the optimal solution whether procurement provides Funding Approval: Project manager has to develop the business case for funding and determine the scope of project (Martinsuo, 2013). This process is the integral part of documenting project and evaluates it to determine the standard quality of project. Service Provider Selection: For managing procurement, awarding the contract, negotiation with the suppliers and evaluate the responses of stakeholders. Contract Management: Project manager has to take the responsibility of managing performance and transition between the contracts. Project procurement plan: Ensure the strategy in accordance to achieved the objectives and determine the objectives for approaching the market. Procurement evaluation: Value for money and assess the performance of service providers. It helps in assessing the magnitude of the variations of any project that occurred during the project. Reference List Bredillet, C. (2010). Mapping the dynamics of the project management field: Project management in action (part 6).Project Management Journal, 41(2), pp.2-4. Brewer, J. and Dittman, K. (2013).Methods of IT project management. West Lafayette, Ind.: Purdue University Press. Collins, M. (2010).Pro project management with SharePoint 2010. [Berkeley, Calif.]: Apress. Dalcher, D. (2011). The Oxford handbook of project management.Project Management Journal, 42(5), pp.93-93. Doloi, H. (2011). Understanding stakeholders' perspective of cost estimation in project management.International Journal of Project Management, 29(5), pp.622-636. Gladden, R. (2010). Managing project uncertainty.Project Management Journal, 41(3), pp.100-100. Hllgren, M. (2012). The construction of research questions in project management.International Journal of Project Management, 30(7), pp.804-816. Holzmann, V. (2013). A meta-analysis of brokering knowledge in project management.International Journal of Project Management, 31(1), pp.2-13. Huemann, M. (2013). Excellent research to move project management forward.International Journal of Project Management, 31(1), pp.161-163. Hydari, H. (2013). Second Order Project Management.Project Management Journal, 44(2), pp.100-100. Journal, P. (2013).Agile Project Management. Hoboken: Wiley. Kapsali, M. (2011). Systems thinking in innovation project management: A match that works.International Journal of Project Management, 29(4), pp.396-407. Kodukula, P. (2011). Complexity theory and project management.Project Management Journal, 42(5), pp.92-92. Kutsch, E. and Hall, M. (2010). Deliberate ignorance in project risk management.International Journal of Project Management, 28(3), pp.245-255. Martinsuo, M. (2013). Project portfolio management in practice and in context.International Journal of Project Management, 31(6), pp.794-803. Maylor, H. (2010).Project management. Harlow, England: Financial Times Prentice Hall. Throndson, K., Davis, V., Bohn, W., Walton, L. and Bergner, T. (2012). N022 The 2C ECG Project: Identifying Factors That Influence Nurses Confidence and Competence With ECG Monitoring.Canadian Journal of Cardiology, 28(5), p.S427. Turner, R. (2012). International Journal of Project Management, Editorial January 2012.International Journal of Project Management, 30(1), p.1.